History of the USA

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History of the USA ( Total Marks - 100 )
Facts of political history from the early settlers to the present day. Questions will also be asked on economic and constitutional development of the USA.
Note: Credit will be given not only for precise presentation of facts but also for sound critical judgement.
Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	America at 1750, A Social Portrait	Hofstadter, Richard
2.	A Pocket History of the United States	Nevnis, Allan and Cammager
3.	American Foreign Policy since World War-II	Henry Sterl
4.	Abolitionism: A New Perspective	Sorin, Gerald
5.	American Individualism: A study of its Origin and Development Pakistan Journal of American Studies	Malik, Iftikhar H.
6.	Benjamin Franklin: The Father of the Yankees: Pakistan Journal of American Studies	Malik, Iftikhar H.
7.	Encyclopaedia of American History	Morris, Richard and Commager, H.S. eds.
8.	Evolution of Muslim Community in the US: Journal of Research Society of Pakistan No. 2	Malik, Iftikhar H.
9.	Family Encyclopaedia of American History
10.	Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan: A Political Chronology	Ziring, Lawrence
11.	Main Currents in American History	Perrington, Vernon
12.	Paved with Good Intentions, The American experience and Iran	Rubin, Bary
13.	The Americans: The Colonial Experience	Boorstin, David J.
14.	The Americans: The National Experience	Boorstin, David J.
15.	The United States	Hofstadter, Richard et. al.
16.	The American Constitution	Pritchet, Herman
17.	The United States and Pakistan	Tahir-Khali, Shirin
18.	United States Pakistan Relations, "US Pakistan Relations: A Historical Perspective on Cross-Cultural Dialogue", in Rais A. Khan ed
19.	US China Relations: A Study in Imperialism "Strategic Studies"	Malik, Iftikhar H.
20.	White Man's Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States	Jordon, Winthrop D.
21.	Out of our Past: The Forces that shaped Modern America	Degler, Carl N.
22.	The American Constitution: Its origins and Development	Kelly, Alfred H
23.	Making America: The Society and Culture of the United States	Luedtke, Luther, S.

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European History

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European History ( Total Marks - 200 )
PAPER - I (1789 -1914) (Marks - 100)

1. French Revolution Background, Old Regime, Philosophers, Estate General. National Assembly, England's Reaction, Panies in the Legislative Assembly, The fall of Monarchy, European coalition against France and the War, the second and the third partition of Poland, the Terror and the end of Terror. France and Europe 1793 - 95.
2. Napoleon Bonaparte The rise of Napoleon to power. Napoleon as Emperor, statesman and warrior, Napoleon and Europe, the continental system, the fall of Napoleon, England's role in the catastrophe of Napoleon.
3. Vienna Settlement and concept of Europe Treaty of Chaumont, First treaty of Paris. Second treaty of Paris, Treaty of Vienna, Holy Alliance, Quadruple Alliance, Congress System and failure of congress system, British Leadership.
4. England 1814 to 1833 Effects of War period, constitutional development, progress in industry, Agriculture and Culture.
5. Europe 1815 to 1848 The forces of continuity and reaction. Metternich system, the force of change and progress, Nationalism, Democracy, Liberalism, Socialism. Revolution in France 1830, Revolution in France in 1848 and the sequence of revolutions in Europe.
6. The Eastern Question 1820 to 1878 Background, the Greek Revolt 120 to Independence 1832, the Crimean War 1853 to 1856 and Peace Treaty of Paris, Pan Slavisin, The Russo-Turkish War 1877, the treaty of San Stefano. The Congress and the treaty of Berlin 1878.
7. Risorginmento and the Union of Italy Revolutionary movements in Italy, Mazzini, Cavour and other architects of Italian unification, Napoleon Ill and Italian Unity. Foreign Policy of Italy after unification to 1914
8. Unification of Germany Background, Napoleon and Germany, Rise of Prussia, Zollverein, Revolution of 1848 and Germany, Rise of Bismark and his role as architect of German Unity, Wars with Denmark, Austria and France. Domestic and foreign policy of Bismark from 1870 to 1890. Foreign Policy of Germany from 1890 to 1914.
9. The growth of Colonisation and of Overseas Empire 1815 - 92 Different forms of colonisation, British Colonial policy and expansion, The French Colonial Policy and expansion, The French in North Africa, Suez Canal, Anglo French Control in Egypt, Russia in the Caucasus and Turkistan, Anglo-Russian Results of Colonial development.
10. England 1893 to 1910 Social and constitutional reforms, material progress, social thought and culture.
11. Road to the First World War Alliances and counter alliances, Drickaiserbund, Austro German alliance 1879, Triple alliance 1882, The formation of Dualalliance 1891-93, Anglo-Japanese alliance, French British and Russo British Entente, their crises - Algeeiras, Bosnia, Agadir, German Navy, Baghdad Railway, Balkan crises, The cause of First World War

PAPER - II (1914 -1960) (Marks - 100)

1. First World War
   Events - U.S.A's entry into the War, Wilson's 14 points, the choice of the Turks, War in the Middle East Britain's Middle East Policy during the War, Balfour Declaration, Defeat of Germany, Austria and Turkey, effects of the War.
2. Peace Treaties
   The Treaty of Versailles, The big four, The basis of the Treaty, The Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. The treaties of St. Germain and Trianon, The treaty of Serres, the Treaty of Lausanne.
3. The League of Nations 
   The Covenant, the League between the two Wars, causes of failure.
4. Marxism and the Soviet Union 
   The Russian Revolution 1917, Lenin. The Third International 1919, Civil War in Russia, Trotsky. The Constitution of the U.S.S.R. Stalin, First Five year Plan. Purges, The Russian foreign policy between the two Wars.
5. Italy and Fascism
   Effects of the War on Italy. Mussolini's rise to power, Fascist party and Principles, Italy's foreign policy between the two Wars.
6. Germany and Nazism 
   Germany from the Versailles Treaty to Hitler, Origins of Nazism, Mein Kamph', Hitler's rise to power, Domestic Policy of Hitler, the Totalitarian State, Hitler's foreign policy.
7. France between the two Wars 
   Defects of the French Constitution, collapse of the Third Republic. Foreign Policy of France between the Wars.
8. England between the two Wars
   Disadvantages of Parliamentary Government, Cabinet Government in England. Depression of 1929 and England, Stability of British Common Wealth. Foreign Policy of England between the Wars.
9. The Second World War 
   Causes, the events, Atlantic Charter, Tehran. Yalta and Postdam conferences, the allied victory. effect of the war
10. The U.N.O.
    Origin, the Charter of the U.N.O., U.N.O. as peace keeping force
11. The Political State of Europe 1945 - 50
    The new Balance of Power in Europe, Russian domination of Eastern Europe, Decisions on Germany's Future, Economic Collapse of Western Europe and recovery, Marshall Plan, Cold War, The Blockade of Berlin. N.A.T.O.
12. The Rise of Russia as a Great power
    The effects of the War on Russia. the fruit of victory. Warsaw Pact. Russia's efforts to spread its influence in Eastern Europe. Asia, Africa and Latin-America 1945 to 1960.
13. France after the Second World War
    Fourth French Republic. French Colonial Policy after Second World War, Algeria. Indochina, De Gaule's domestic and foreign policy.
14. England after the Second World War
    The rise of Labour Party, Economic Policy of the Labour Party's Government, England's Colonial Policy after the Second World War, Decline of England as World Power, British Common Wealth. England and the Common Market. England and the Middle East 1945 to 1960.
15. Europe and Common Market
    The origin and evolution of the European Common Market upto 1960.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	An Intellectual History of Modern Europe	Stromberg, R.N.
2.	A History of Modern World	Palmer, R.
3.	A History of Modern France 1871-1962	Cobban, Afred
4.	Europe Since 1815	Craig, G.A.
5.	Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1789-1905	Agatha Ramm
6.	Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970	Agatha Ramm
7.	Europe Since Napoleon	Thomson, D.
8.	Europe Since 1870	Toll, James
9.	International Relations Between the Two World Wars	Carr, E.H.
10.	Modern Europe in the Making from the French Revolution to the Common Market	Fasal, G.
11.	The Age of Progress	Colins, Irene
12.	The Norton History of Modern Europe	Gilbert, F.
13.	The European Powers and the German Question 1948-71	Mosse, W.E.
14.	The History of Modern Europe 1889-1917	Nicolson, H.
15.	The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918	Taylor, A.J.P.
16.	The First World War	Taylor, A.J.P.
17.	The Origions of the Second World War	Taylor, A.J.P.
18.	Western Civilization 2 Volumes	Burns, E.M.
19.	The Eve of European Era 1890 to the Present	Gilbirt, Felix
20.	The Age of Revolution and Reaction 1789-1850	Breving, Charles
21.	The Age of Nationalism and 1850-1890	Rich, Norman

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British History

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British History ( Total Marks - 200 )
British History - The history of the British Isles and of the British Emupire and Commonwealth.

• Paper I (Marks- 100) From 1688 to 1850
• Paper II (Marks - 100) From 1850 to the present day.

Note: Credit will be given in both the papers. not only for precise presentation of facts, but also for sound critical judgement.
Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	Constitutional Development in Pakistan	G.W. Choudhry
2.	Constitutional History of India	Keith A.B.
3.	Early India & Pakistan	Wheeler Mortimer
4.	Five Thousand Years of Pakistan	Wheeler R.E.M.
5.	Government and Politics in Pakistan	Ahmed Mushtaq
6.	Pakistan & India	G.W. Choudhry
7.	Political System in Pakistan	Khalid Bin Saeed
8.	Pakistan; The Formitive Phase	Khalid Bin Saeed
9.	Studies in Islamic Culture in Indian Environment	Aziz Ahmed
10.	The Making of Pakistan	Richard Symond
11.	Political Parties in Pakistan Vol. I & II	Afzal, Rafique
12.	The Great Divide; Britain, India and Pakistan	Hodson, H.V.
13.	The Pakistan Experience - State and Religion	Khan, Asghar
14.	A History of India	Kulke, Hermann & Rothermond, Dietmar
15.	Pakistan in Transition	Wriggins, W.H. (ed)

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IndoPak History

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History of Pakistan And India ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks-100)
712-1857 (Excluding arrival of European nations decline and fall of Muslim Rule)

• Arrival of the Muslims in the sub-continent, foundation of Muslim Rule - administrative system and reforms under the Sultans and the Mughals.
• Structure of the Muslim society.
• Industry, trade and commerce under the Muslim patronage. the Army. Financial administration, Zakat. Ushr. Kharaj etc.
• Administration of Justice - Sufis and Ulema - the Madrassahs and Maktabs - Auqaf
• Art and architecture. literature, sports, dress-Muslim contribution to scientific knowledge - Policy of the Muslim rules towards non-Muslims. The spirit and legacy of Muslim civilization.

Paper II (Marks-100)
Part A: 1857-1947

1. Arrival of European nations-decline and fall of Muslim Rule, contributions of Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards regeneration of the Muslim - Hindu reform movements and anti-Muslim role of Hindu leaders.
2. Constitutional reforms of the British Government and growth of the Political Parties-Indian National Congress. All India Muslim league Partition of Bengal. Simla Deputation. Role of Nawab Mohsin-uI-MuIk. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk.
3. Syed Ameer Ali, the Agha Khan and other Muslim leaders Lucknow pact: Khilafat movement Contribution of Maulana Muhammad Ali, Allama Iqbal, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad All Jinnah for Muslim uplift and welfare.
4. Nehru report, Quaid-i-Azam's Fourteen Points. Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address 1930, Round Table Conference. The Congress role in the provinces, Lahore Resolution 1940, various missions and plans for the partition of the sub-continent.
5. Quaid-i-Azam as an organizer of the Muslim League Muslim leader and maker of Pakistan.

PAKISTAN SINCE 1947
Part B

• Constitution making in Pakistan-various attempts at constitution making. Difficulties in establishing a parliamentary democracy. imposition of various Martial Laws, nature of Pakistan's economy. development plaits. Role of foreign aid.
• Separation of East Pakistan, causes and effect: Pakistan and the world-major powers, Islamic world, relations with India.
• Social and intellectual trends after 1947. Contribution of Quaid-i Azam as First Governor General and Liaquat All Khan as first Prime Minister.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	Constitutional Development in Pakistan	G.W. Choudhry
2.	Constitutional History of India	Keith A.B.
3.	Early India & Pakistan	Wheeler Mortimer
4.	Five Thousand Years of Pakistan	Wheeler R.E.M.
5.	Government and Politics in Pakistan	Ahmed Mushtaq
6.	Pakistan & India	G.W. Choudhry
7.	Political System in Pakistan	Khalid Bin Saeed
8.	Pakistan; The Formitive Phase	Khalid Bin Saeed
9.	Studies in Islamic Culture in Indian Environment	Aziz Ahmed
10.	The Making of Pakistan	Richard Symond
11.	Political Parties in Pakistan Vol. I & II	Afzal, Rafique
12.	The Great Divide; Britain, India and Pakistan	Hodson, H.V.
13.	The Pakistan Experience - State and Religion	Khan, Asghar
14.	A History of India	Kulke, Hermann & Rothermond, Dietmar
15.	Pakistan in Transition	Wriggins, W.H. (ed)

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Islamic History and Culture

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Zoology ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks 100)
INVERTEBRATE AND CHORDATE ZOOLOGY
The candidates will be required to attempt five questions-three from Part - A and two from Part - B.
PART - A
Invertebrate
General organization (general morphology, mode of life adaptations life cycles and economic importance) of the following groups with special reference to the topics mentioned in each group

• Protozoa: Parasitism, conjugation and autogamy, medical importance.
• Porifera: Canal system, skeletal structures and their taxonomic value, position of porifera in the Animal Kingdom.
• Coelenterata: Polymorphism; measenteries corals and coral reefs.
• Platyhelminthes: Parastic adaptations, medical importance.
• Nematoda: Medical importance.
• Anneilda: Coelom, metamerism,
• Mollusca: Shell, modifications of foot, feeding, respiration, shell fishery,
• Arthropoda: Appendages, feeding: respiration, larvae.
• Echinodermata: Skeleton, water vascular system, larvae.

PART - B
Chordata
Origin; comparative account of skeleton, circulatory, excretory and nervous systems, development (egg types, cleavage, blastula and gastrula, germ layer/formation, embryonic membranes and placentation) natural history (mode of life, migration, adaptations, biting mechanism of snakes)
Paper II (Marks 100)
GENERAL ZOOLOGY
The candidates will be required to attempt at least one question from each part.
Part - A
Cell Biology: Morphology. Chemical composition and functions of nucleus, nuclear inclusions and cytoplasmic organelles, protein synthesis and molecular genetics. mechanism of mitosis and meiosis.
Part - B
General Physiology: Respiration, respiratory mechanism, respiratory pigments, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, circulation : haemodynamics, control of cardiovascular system, nutrition: modes of nutrition, digestion and assimilation of food stuff, Excretion: nature and sources of substances excreted, modes of excretions, Nervous system, nerve impulses, Hormones and their biological action.
Part - C
Genetics: Mendelian principles, multiple alleles, interaction of genes: linkage and crossing over, mapping of genes, sex determination and sex linkage, mutations, chromosoinal aberrations, gene concept.
Part - D
Evolution: Origin of life, organic diversity, theories to account for organic diversity, Phylogeny and ontogeny, species concept, mechanism of evolution, modem concept of natural selection, evolutionary trends.
Part - E
Ecology : Concept of ecosystem, biogeochemical cycles, animal adaptations to major habitats, environmental pollution and its effect on life.
Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	A Text Book of Zoology (Invertibrate)	Parker and Haswell
2.	Comprative Anatomy of the vertebates	George C.kent
3.	Invertebrate Zoology	Hegner and Engemann
4.	Cell structure and Functuion(Eighth)	Loewy and siekevitz
5.	Cell and Molecular Biolohgy(Eighth Edition)	De-Robbertis.E.O.D.& De-Robertis.EMF.
6.	Fundamentlas of Ecology	Odum
7.	Principles of Genetics	Strickberger
8.	Introduction to Evolution	Moody
9.	Modern Genetics	Ayala.F.J.and kiger.J.A.Jr.
10.	Text Book of Medical Physiology	Guyot.W.B
11.	Moleculr Biology of Gene	Watson.J.D.

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Zoology Syllabus

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Zoology ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks 100)
INVERTEBRATE AND CHORDATE ZOOLOGY
The candidates will be required to attempt five questions-three from Part - A and two from Part - B.
PART - A
Invertebrate
General organization (general morphology, mode of life adaptations life cycles and economic importance) of the following groups with special reference to the topics mentioned in each group

• Protozoa: Parasitism, conjugation and autogamy, medical importance.
• Porifera: Canal system, skeletal structures and their taxonomic value, position of porifera in the Animal Kingdom.
• Coelenterata: Polymorphism; measenteries corals and coral reefs.
• Platyhelminthes: Parastic adaptations, medical importance.
• Nematoda: Medical importance.
• Anneilda: Coelom, metamerism,
• Mollusca: Shell, modifications of foot, feeding, respiration, shell fishery,
• Arthropoda: Appendages, feeding: respiration, larvae.
• Echinodermata: Skeleton, water vascular system, larvae.

PART - B
Chordata
Origin; comparative account of skeleton, circulatory, excretory and nervous systems, development (egg types, cleavage, blastula and gastrula, germ layer/formation, embryonic membranes and placentation) natural history (mode of life, migration, adaptations, biting mechanism of snakes)
Paper II (Marks 100)
GENERAL ZOOLOGY
The candidates will be required to attempt at least one question from each part.
Part - A
Cell Biology: Morphology. Chemical composition and functions of nucleus, nuclear inclusions and cytoplasmic organelles, protein synthesis and molecular genetics. mechanism of mitosis and meiosis.
Part - B
General Physiology: Respiration, respiratory mechanism, respiratory pigments, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, circulation : haemodynamics, control of cardiovascular system, nutrition: modes of nutrition, digestion and assimilation of food stuff, Excretion: nature and sources of substances excreted, modes of excretions, Nervous system, nerve impulses, Hormones and their biological action.
Part - C
Genetics: Mendelian principles, multiple alleles, interaction of genes: linkage and crossing over, mapping of genes, sex determination and sex linkage, mutations, chromosoinal aberrations, gene concept.
Part - D
Evolution: Origin of life, organic diversity, theories to account for organic diversity, Phylogeny and ontogeny, species concept, mechanism of evolution, modem concept of natural selection, evolutionary trends.
Part - E
Ecology : Concept of ecosystem, biogeochemical cycles, animal adaptations to major habitats, environmental pollution and its effect on life.
Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	A Text Book of Zoology (Invertibrate)	Parker and Haswell
2.	Comprative Anatomy of the vertebates	George C.kent
3.	Invertebrate Zoology	Hegner and Engemann
4.	Cell structure and Functuion(Eighth)	Loewy and siekevitz
5.	Cell and Molecular Biolohgy(Eighth Edition)	De-Robbertis.E.O.D.& De-Robertis.EMF.
6.	Fundamentlas of Ecology	Odum
7.	Principles of Genetics	Strickberger
8.	Introduction to Evolution	Moody
9.	Modern Genetics	Ayala.F.J.and kiger.J.A.Jr.
10.	Text Book of Medical Physiology	Guyot.W.B
11.	Moleculr Biology of Gene	Watson.J.D.

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Botany Syllabus

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Botany ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper - I (Marks-100)

1. Thallophytes
   1. Phycology: Origin, evolution, distribution and classification with reference to range, structure, life history, ecology and economic importance of the main groups of algae.
   2. Mycology & Plant Pathology: Structure, development reproduction, classification; phylogeny, physiology and economic importance of the main groups of fungi, Diseases of economic importance and general principles of their control.
2. Bryology: Evolution of ganietophytes and sporophytcs.
3. Peteridophyta and Gymnosperms: General structure fife history and evolutionary tendencies, Ontogeny and structure of seed.
4. Anatomy and Embryology: Primary and secondary tissues, Meristems, tissue differentiation, normal and abnormal secondary growth, anatomy of leaf, stem and root, Micro and megasporogenesis, pollination mechanism, fertilization, development of embryo and endosperm, seed dispersal.
5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Systems of classification, Rules of botanical nomenclature, Concepts of speciarion, Introduction to modern trends in plant taxonomy: Bio-systematics, chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy.

Paper II (Marks - l00)

1. Plant Physiology: Plant water relations, osmotic quantities, absorptions, transpiration, role of essential mineral elements, their uptake and distribution, growth and development, plant hormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, Dormancy and seed germination, Biochemistry of carbohydrates, proteins and fats with reference to plants, Enzymes, Plant pigments, Photophosphorelation, path of carbon in photosynthesis, oxidative phosophorelation (respiration), nitrogen and fat metabolism.
2. Ecology: Influence of climatic. edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth, Sampling techniques, Major formations in relation to climatic zones, Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, Ecological energetics, efficiency, pyramids, food chains and trophic levels. Salinity and water logging in Pakistan, causes. reclamation, soil erosion, methods of control and conservation. Pollution and conservation of natural resources.
3. Cytology: Detailed study of ultrastructure of cell. Mitosis and meiosos. Significance of meiosis.
4. Genetics
   • Mendalian Genetics, Linkage, crossing over, sex linked genes, lethals, balanced lethals. Mutation, polyploidy.
   • Biochemical Genetics: Bichemical nature of hereditary material, genetic Code, Fine Structure of gene, transduction and transformation.
5. Evolution Theories of evolution, Neo-Darwinism Neo Lamarckism. Adaptive mutations.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Ed.	Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson Groffrey
2.	Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. 1983	Hukeavy, James E.
3.	Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.	Barrow, Gardon M.
4.	Physical Chemistry 5th Ed.	Moore, Walter J.
5.	University Chemistry	Mahan, B.H.
6.	Introduction to Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.	Streitwieser, A. Jr.
7.	Mechanism & Structure in Organic Chemistry	Gould, Edwards
8.	Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.	Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd R.N.

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Chemistry Syllabus

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Chemistry ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks 100)

1. Atomic structure: Quantum theory, Schrodinger equation, Particle in box, hydrogen atom. Hydrogen moleculcion, hydrogemi mole cule. Theories of hydrogen and metallic bonding.
2. Electrochemistry: Ionic equilibria, theory of strong electrolytes; ebye-Huckel theory of activity coefficients, galvanic cells. memberane equilibria and fuel cells. Theories of Acids and Bases, glass electrode. incasuremnent of pH. Electroloysis. overvoltage and corrosion.
3. Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, internal energy, cnthalphy functions, Thermochemistry, Entropy and second law of Thermodynamics, Free energy and chemical equilibrium.
4. Chemistry of Following Elements: Oxygen, Carbon, Chlorine, Silicon, Nitrogen. Phosphorus.
5. Metallurgy of the Following Elements: Copper, Aluminium, Iron and Silver.
6. Inorganic Chemical Industries: Sulphuric Acid, Fixation of Nitrogen, Chemical Fertilizers, Semi-conductivity devices, Cement, Glass and Ceramics.
7. Chemistry of Transition Elements: General characteristics of the group based on the electronic configum-amion of the elements, Complex com pounds. Nature of Coordinate Bond, Historical development, Applications of Valence Bond, Molecular Orbital and Crystal Field Theories to explain the structures of the Complex Compounds.
8. Pollution: Water, air.

Paper II (Marks - 100)

1. Theory of chemical Bonding: Elements of Valence bond and molecular orbital theories (idea of bonding, non-bonding and anti-bonding orbitals) Sigma and Pi bonds. Hybridization. Shape of molecules.
2. Chemica! Kinetics: Rate law and its determination Order of reaction. Experimental methods. Temperature Dependence of rate con stants. Study of mechanism of a few selected reactions (1st and 2nd under reaction only).
3. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Physical adsorption and chemisorption. Surface area determination. Homogeneous and Hetrogeneous Catalysis. Acid-base and Enzyme Catalysis.
4. Physical Organic Chemistry: Elements of Organic reaction mechanism Optical and Geometric Isomarism Conformational analysis, Resonance, H Bond and its effects on the properties of Organic Compounds.
5. Organic Halogen Compounds: Types and Synthetic application, Grignard Reagents.
6. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds: Types of Carnobyl nv Comnpounds. Preparation and reactions of Aldehydes and ketones.
7. Aromatic Chemistry: Structure of Benzene with particular refer ence to Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions.
8. Organic Nitrogen Compounds: Diazonium Salts amid their synthetic applications, Preparation and reactions of Aromatic Amino Compounds, Introduction to the Study of Dyes with particular reference to Azodyes.
9. Chemistry of Natural Products: Elementary study of Carbohydrates, Oils and Fats, Alkaloids and Vitamins.
10. Industrial Organic Chemistry: Organic Polymers, Fermentation processes including preparation of Anti-Biotics, Petro-Chemical Industry.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Ed.	Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson Groffrey
2.	Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. 1983	Hukeavy, James E.
3.	Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.	Barrow, Gardon M.
4.	Physical Chemistry 5th Ed.	Moore, Walter J.
5.	University Chemistry	Mahan, B.H.
6.	Introduction to Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.	Streitwieser, A. Jr.
7.	Mechanism & Structure in Organic Chemistry	Gould, Edwards
8.	Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.	Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd R.N.

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Geography Syllabus

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Geography ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks - 100)
PHYSICAL AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

1. Elements of Weather and Climate
   Insolation and Atmospheric Temperature. Global Radiation and Heat Balance. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds. Humidity and Precipitation. Air Masses. Fronts and Atmospheric Disturbances. Classification of Climate and Climatic Regions.
2. LandformsMajor landforms, Rocks : origin, formation and classification. Internal Structure of the Earth. Earth quakes and Volcancity. Weathering. Mass Wasting. Erosion and Deposition. Cycle of Erosion. Landforms produced by Underground and Ground Water. Wind and Glaciers.
3. OceansContinental Margins and the Sea Floor. Distribution of Temperature and Salinity. Movements of the Ocean Water: Waves. Currents and Tides.
4. Study of MapsTypes of maps: Topographical Maps, Aerial Photographs. Weather Maps. Map Projections: classification and choice of projections. Merits and Demerits of Cylindrical. Conical and Zenithal Projections. Diagrams. graphs and Distribution Maps based on Statistical Data.

Paper II (Marks - 100)
HUMAN ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

1. Human GeographyMan and his Habitat : Concepts of Environmentalism and Possibilism. World Population-distribution, structure and growth (natural increase and migration). World, Society and Culture: races, languages and religions. levels of education and welfare. Settlements-rural and urban. characteristics and problems of urban places. Population/Resource Regions.
2. Economic GeographyEconomic Activities : primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary Activity: agricultural systems subsistence, intensive, extensive, mechanized and mixed farming. Production. Distribution and Trade of Major Cereal and Non-Cereal Crops. Forests and Fisheries. Power Resources. Major Industries iron and steel, textiles and chemical industries. Politico-economic Relationship between the More Developed and Less Developed countries.
3. Regional Geography
   Economic and Social Roegions of the world. Regional Geography of South Asia with special reference to Pakistan under the following heads: Resource base (Human Physical and Economic)Transport. Trade and International Relations.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	Physical Geography	Lake, P.
2.	Physical Geography	Strahler, A.N.
3.	An Introduction to Climate	Trewartha, G.T.
4.	An Introduction to Map work and Practical	Bygott J.
5.	Maps and Diagrams	Monkhouse, F.J. & Wilkinson, H.R.
6.	Human Geography	Deblij, H.J.
7.	Human Geography	Bradford, M.G. & Kent, W.A.
8.	Population Geography	Jones, H.R.
9.	Population Geography	Clarke, J.I.
10.	Economic Geography	Pounds, N.
11.	South Asia	Jonson, B.L.C.
12.	An Introduction to South Asia	Farmer, B.H.
13.	A Geography of Pakistan	Kureshy, K.U.

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Geology Syllabus

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Geology ( Total Marks - 200 )
Paper I (Marks - 100)

1. General Geology: Earth as a planet. its origin and age. Internal structure of the earth and lithospheric plates. Internal and external geological processes such as earth-quakes, volcanism, weathering, erosion and deposition. Geomorphic cycles.
2. Structural Geology: Primary sedimentary structures. Mechanical properties of rocks. Description and classification of secondary structures. Structures in Metamorphic rocks. Orogeny and geosynclines in plate tectonic framework. Major tectonic features of the earth. Geodynamics of Pakistan.
3. Palaeontology: Fossils and their preservation. Morphology, evolution and geologic distribution of major invertebrate phylla. Micropalaeontology of Foraminifera. Vertebrate and plant fossils.
4. Stratigraphy: Stratigraphic nomenclature, and stratigraphic codes. Principles of correlation. Sedimentary basins of Pakistan and detailed stratigraphy of type sections.
5. Mineralogy: Chemical composition of the earth crust. Minerals. their physical and chemical properties. Space lattice. symmetry classes and crystal systems. Crystal optics. Atomic structure of crystals and X-Ray diffraction. Detailed study of important rock forming minerals.
6. Petrology: Origin and evolution of magma. Binary and Termary silicate systems. Description of important plutonic and volcanic associations. Sedimentary environments and processes. Petrography of major types of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphism. metamorphic zones and facies. Description of principle types of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism and magmatism in relation to plate tectonics.

Paper II (Marks - 100)

1. Economic Geology: Processes of formation of mineral deposits. Detailed study of metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits of Pakistan. Mineral based industries. Metallogeny of Pakistan.
2. Energy Resources: Constitution and kinds of coal. Geology of Pakistan coal fields. Origin, migration and accumulation of natural hydro carbons. Oil well drilling and drilling muds. Oil and gas fields of Pakistan. Origin and occurrence of radioactive minerals. Pakistan resource of atomic energy minerals. Geothermal energy: recovery and uses.
3. Engineering Geology: Geological factors in the construction of civil engineering projects. Geology of Dam Sites of Pakistan. Landslides and stability of slopes. Open and subsurface excavations. Construction materials and building stones. Site investigation and foundation analysis.
4. Hydrogeology: Groundwater occurrence and types of acquifers. Movement of groundwater. Salinity and waterlogging. Water resources of Pakistan.
5. Exploration Geology: Geological mapping and tradition prospecting methods. Photogeology and remote sensing mineral exploration. Disperson of trace elements and geochemical surveys. Geophysical techniques for prospecting of solid minerals, oil and water.

Suggested Readings

	Title	Author
1.	The Evolving Earth	Sawkins & others
2.	Physical Geology	Skinner & Porter
3.	Structural Geology	Park
4.	Geodynamics of Pakistan	Farah & Dejong
5.	Invertibrate Palaentology	Moore, Laliker & Fisher
6.	Stratigraphy and Sedimentation	Krumbein & Sloss
7.	Stratigraphy of Pakistan	Ibrahim Shah
8.	Mineralogy	Berry & Manson
9.	Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology	Turner & Verhoogen
10.	Sedimentary Rocks	Pettjohn
11.	Mineral Directory of Pakistan	Zaki Ahmed
12.	Industrial Rocks and Minerals	Lefond
13.	Geology of Petroleum	Leverson
14.	Energy Resources	Brown & Skipsey
15.	Engineering Geology	Beavis
16.	Groundwater Hydrology	Todd
17.	Geological Prospecting	Kreiter
18.	Techniques in Mineral Exploration	Reedman

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